Viral Infections

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Clinical characteristics
The clinical characteristics of viruses may differ substantially among species within the same family:
Type
Family; Classification
Transmission
Diseases
Treatment
Prevention
Adenovirus
Adenoviridae; Group I (dsDNA, non-enveloped)
·         droplet contact
·         fecal-oral
·         venereal
·         direct eye contact
·         gastroenteritis
·         keratoconjunctivitis
·         pharyngitis
·         croup
·         pharyngoconjunctival fever
·         pneumonia
·         pneumonia
·         cystitis
None
·         Adenovirus vaccine
·         hand washing
·         covering mouth when coughing or sneezing
·         avoiding close contact with the sick
Coxsackievirus
Picornaviridae Group IV (+ ssRNA, non-enveloped)
·         fecal-oral
·         respiratory droplet contact
·         Hand, foot and mouth disease
·         pleurodynia
·         aseptic meningitis
·         pericarditis
·         myocarditis
None
·         hand washing
·         covering mouth when coughing/sneezing
·         avoiding contaminated food/water
·         improved sanitation
Epstein–Barr virus
Herpesviridae Group I (dsDNA, enveloped)
·         saliva
·         infectious mononucleosis
·         Burkitt's lymphoma
·         Hodgkin's lymphoma
·         nasopharyngeal carcinoma
None
·         avoiding close contact with the sick
Hepatitis A virus
Picornaviridae Group IV (+ ssRNA, non-enveloped)
·         fecal-oral
·         acute hepatitis
Immunoglobulin (post-exposure prophylaxis)
·         Hepatitis A vaccine
·         avoiding contaminated food/water
·         improved sanitation
Hepatitis B virus
Hepadnaviridae Group VII (+ dsDNA-RT, enveloped)
·         bodily fluids
Vertical and sexual
·         acute hepatitis
·         chronic hepatitis
·         hepatic cirrhosis
·         hepatocellular carcinoma
·         Lamivudine
·         immunoglobulin
·         Adefovir
·         Entecavir
·         Pegylated interferon alfa-2
·         Hepatitis B vaccine
·         immunoglobulin (perinatal and post-exposure prophylaxis)
·         avoiding shared needles/syringes
·         safe sex
Hepatitis C virus
Flaviviridae Group IV (+ ssRNA, enveloped)
·         blood
·         sexual contact
·         acute hepatitis
·         chronic hepatitis
·         hepatic cirrhosis
·         hepatocellular carcinoma
·         Ribavirin
·         Pegylated interferon alfa-2
·         avoiding shared needles/syringes
·         safe sex
Herpes simplex virus, type 1
Herpesviridae Group I (dsDNA, enveloped)
·         direct contact
·         saliva
·         herpes labialis, cold sores - can recur by latency
·         gingivostomatitis in children
·         tonsillitis & pharyngitis in adults
·         keratoconjunctivitis[3]
·         acyclovir
·         famciclovir
·         foscarnet
·         penciclovir
·         avoiding close contact with lesions
·         safe sex
Herpes simplex virus, type 2
Herpesviridae Group I (dsDNA, enveloped)
·         sexual contact
·         vertical transmission
·         Skin vesicles, mucosal ulcers, Oral and/or genital
Can be latent
·         Aseptic meningitis
·         acyclovir
·         famciclovir
·         foscarnet
·         penciclovir
·         cidofovir
·         avoiding close contact with lesions
·         safe sex
Cytomegalovirus
Herpesviridae Group I (dsDNA, enveloped)
·         vertical transmission
·         bodily fluids
·         infectious mononucleosis
·         Cytomegalic inclusion disease
·         Premature birth
·         liver, lung and spleen diseases in the newborn
·         Small size at birth
·         Small head size
·         congenital seizures in the newborn
·         ganciclovir
·         cidofovir
·         foscarnet
·         hand washing
·         avoid sharing food and drinks with others
·         safe sex
Human herpesvirus, type 8
Herpesviridae Group I (dsDNA, enveloped)
·         Saliva
·         Sexual
·         Kaposi sarcoma
·         multicentric Castleman disease
·         primary effusion lymphoma
many in evaluation-stage
·         avoid close contact with lesions
·         safe sex
HIV
Retroviridae Group VI (ssRNA-RT, enveloped)
·         sexual contact
·         blood
·         breast milk
·         vertical transmission
·         AIDS
HAART, such as protease inhibitors and reverse-transcriptase inhibitors
·         zidovudine(perinatally)
·         blood product screening
·         safe sex
·         avoiding shared needles/syringes
Influenza virus
Orthomyxoviridae Group V (-ssRNA, enveloped)
·         droplet contact
·         influenza
·         (Reye syndrome)
·         amantadine
·         rimantadine
·         zanamivir
·         oseltamivir
·         influenza vaccine
·         amantadine
·         rimantadine
·         hand washing
·         covering mouth when coughing/sneezing
·         avoiding close contact with the sick
Measles virus
Paramyxoviridae Group V (-ssRNA, enveloped)
·         droplet contact
·         measles
·         postinfectious encephalomyelitis
None
·         MMR vaccine
·         quarantining the sick
·         avoiding contact with the sick
Mumps virus
Paramyxoviridae Group V (-ssRNA, enveloped)
·         droplet contact
·         mumps
None[3]
·         MMR vaccine
·         avoiding close contact with the sick
Human papillomavirus
Papillomaviridae Group I (dsRNA, non-enveloped)
·         direct contact
·         sexual contact
·         vertical transmission
·         hyperplastic epithelial lesions (common, flat, plantar and anogenital warts, laryngeal papillomas, epidermodysplasia verruciformis)
·         Malignancies for some species (cervical carcinoma, squamous cell carcinomas)
·         liquid nitrogen
·         laser vaporization
·         cytotoxic chemicals
·         interferon
·         cidofovir
·         HPV vaccine
·         avoiding close contact with lesions
·         safe sex
Parainfluenza virus
Paramyxoviridae Group V (-ssRNA, enveloped)
·         droplet contact
·         croup
·         pneumonia
·         bronchiolitis
·         common cold
None
·         hand washing
·         covering mouth when coughing/sneezing
Poliovirus
Picornaviridae Group IV (+ ssRNA, non-enveloped)
·         fecal-oral
·         poliomyelitis
None
·         Polio vaccine
·         avoiding contaminated food and water
·         improved sanitation
Rabies virus
Rhabdoviridae Group V (- ssRNA, enveloped)
·         animal bite
·         droplet contact
·         rabies (fatal encephalitis)
Post-exposure prophylaxis
·         rabies vaccine
·         avoiding rabid animals
Respiratory syncytial virus
Paramyxoviridae Group V (-ssRNA, enveloped)
·         droplet contact
·         hand to mouth
·         bronchiolitis
·         pneumonia
·         influenza-like syndrome
·         severe bronchiolitis with pneumonia[3]
(ribavirin)
·         hand washing
·         avoiding close contact with the sick
·         palivizumab in high risk individuals
·         covering mouth when coughing/sneezing
Rubella virus
Togaviridae Group IV (+ ssRNA, enveloped)
·         Respiratory droplet contact
·         congenital rubella
·         German measles
None
·         MMR vaccine
·         avoiding close contact with the sick
Varicella-zoster virus
Herpesviridae Group I (dsDNA, enveloped)
·         droplet contact
·         direct contact
·         chickenpox
·         herpes zoster
·         Congenital varicella syndrome
Varicella:
·         acyclovir
·         famciclovir
·         valacyclovir
Zoster:
·         acyclovir
·         famciclovir
Varicella:
·         varicella vaccine
·         varicella-zoster immunoglobulin
·         avoiding close contact with the sick
Zoster:
·         vaccine
·         varicella-zoster immunoglobulin


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