Table 1: List of malaria vaccines
| Type of Vaccines | Name: Compositions | Beneficial / Limitations |
| Pre-erythrocytic vaccines | 1. RTS,S/AS01E · Adenovirus (Ad35) vectored circumsporozoite (CS) protein in prime boost with RTS,S/AS01E · Multiple epitope constructs (ME-TRAP); a pre-erythrocytic fusion antigen consisting of 17 B-cell, CD4+, CD8+ T cell epitopes of 6 Pf antigens fused to the T9/96 allele of TRAP (Thrombospondin related adhesion protein) | · Only the vaccine in Phase 3 clinical trial · Low efficacy but decreases mortality |
| 2. AdCh63/MVA ME-TRAP · Simian Adenovirus (Ad35) encoding ME-TRAP boosted with modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) | · Long lasting CD8+ T cell responses | |
| 3. Polyepitope DNA EP1300 · DNA vaccine includes multiple epitopes with linker sequences from four pre-erythrocytic antigens CS, SSP2/TRAP, liver stage antigen-1 (LSA-1) and Exported protein-1 (EP-1) | · Immunogenicity is not enhanced in human as compared to animals | |
| 4. PfSPZ · Metabolically active non-replicating malaria sporozoite vaccine (Pf sporozoites prepared by thawing from liquid nitrogen) | · Not protective but need to revised in terms of dose and route of administration | |
| 5. Genetically Attenuated sporozoites-GAS | · Safe and immunogenic | |
| 6. FP9 CS/MVA CS · Attenuated fowl pox strain (FP9) expressing CS protein boosted with MVA coding CS protein | · Didn’t boost the T-cell response | |
| 7. DNA CS/MVA CS · Plasmid DNA encoding CS protein replace fowl pox strain (FP9) boosted with MVA coding CS protein | · Modest T-cell response | |
| 8. RTS,S/AS02 + MVA CS · Boosting RTS,S/AS02 with MVA encoding CS | · Greater CMI response · | |
| 9. CS DNA Immunization or VCL-2510 · Gene for full length CS protein in Plasmid DNA | · No anti-CS antibodies | |
| 10. MUST DO5 · Multi-Stage DNA vaccine operation 5 antigens · 5 antigens; CS, SSP2/TRAP, LSA-1, LSA-3 and EP-1 adjuvanted with GM-CSF (Granulocyte Macrophage colony stimulating factor) | · No efficacy | |
| 11. DNA CS / RTS,S/AS02 · DNA vaccine VCL-2510 containing full length CS gene and adjuvanted with RTS,S/AS02 | · No significant improvement than using alone | |
| 12. RTS,S/AS02 TRAP · Combination of CS with TRAP | · Improve efficacy | |
| 13. HepB Core Ag CS VLP · Also called ICC-1132 or Malariavax · Hepatis B core antigen modified to include B-cell and 2 CD4+ epitopes of CS protein | · No efficacy to sporozoites | |
| 14. PfCS102 · Chemically synthesized Pf CS protein with C-terminus (Amino acids 282-383) | · Don’t reduce parasitemia | |
| 15. FP9/MVA polyprotein · Prime Boosting with FP9 and MVA viruses with six antigens polyprotein (STARP, TRAP, LSA-1, LSA-3, Pfs16 and EP-1) | · Low efficacy with sporozoite challenge | |
| 16. FMP011/AS01B · LAS-1 E. coli expressed evaluated with AS01B and AS02A | · Associated with acute coronary syndrome | |
| | ||
| Blood Stage (Erythrocytic) vaccines | 1. AdCh63/MVA MSP-1 · Pf Merozoite Surface Protein-1 (MSP-1) expressed and boosted with AdCh63 and MVA vectors | · Low IgG response |
| 2. FMP010/AS01B · E. coli expressing FVO allele 42kD C terminus of MSP-1 and adjuvants AS01B | · Good immunogenicity but inadequate clinical efficacy | |
| 3. FMP2.1/AS02A · FMP2.1, in which E. coli expressed Apical membrane antigen (AMA-1) and adjuvant AS02A | · Strong Th-2 biased response | |
| 4. FMP2.1/AS01B · FMP2.1, in which E. coli expressed Apical membrane antigen (AMA-1) and adjuvant AS01B | · Adverse effect (rashes after 18 days of vaccination) | |
| 5. AMA-C1/Alhydrogel + CPG 7909 · Pichia pastoris expressed Apical membrane antigen (AMA-1) with both FVO and 3D7 strains and adjuvants Alhydrogel + CPG 7909 | · Reduction of hemoglobin · | |
| 6. AdCh63 AMA-1/MVA AMA-1 · Apical membrane antigen-1 (AMA-1) expressed and boosted with AdCh63 and MVA vectors | · CD4+ responses are higher than CD8+ response | |
| 7. EBA175RII · Erythrocyte binding antigen (EBA) in merozoites and highly conserved region of Pf | · Safe and immunogenic | |
| 8. SERA5 · Blood stage antigen in trophozoites and schizonts (SE36 expressed in E. coli acts as fragment of SERA5 antigen) | · Safe and 100% seroconversion | |
| 9. BSAM-2/Alhydrogel +CPG · combination vaccine including MSP1 and AMA1 components. It contains a mixture of recombinant proteins with equal parts P. pastoris expressing FVO and 3D7 strains of AMA1 and E. coli expressing the FVO and 3D7 strains of MSP1. | · Under evaluation | |
| 10. JAIVAC · This combination vaccine consists of MSP1 and EBA175, each of which is an E. coli expressed recombinant protein adjuvanted with Montanide ISA 720 | · Synergistic effects | |
| 11. GMZ2 · L. lactis expressed recombinant fusion protein of glutamate rich protein (GLURP) and MSP-3 adjuvanted with Al(OH)3 | · Acceptable safety · Both IgG and memory B cell response | |
| 12. Combination B (RESA, MSP-1, MSP-2) 13. FMP1/AS02A 14. MSP-1-C1/AlOH/AlOH + CPG 15. MSP2-C1/ISA720 16. AMA1-C1/ISA720 17. AMA-FVO 18. PfCP2.9 | · Already terminated (No succeed) | |
| | | |
| Gametocyte (Transmission Blocking) Vaccines | 1. Pfs25 · Ookinete surface protein Pfs25 · The antigen preparations including ookinete surface protein Pfs25, and the gametocyte antigens Pfs48/45 and Pfs230 are used in the TBV vaccines. Pfs25 was the first antigen to progress clinically but the reactogenicity was found to be very low. | · Low reactogenicity |
| 2. Pfs48/45 and Pfs230 · Contain the gametocyte antigens Pfs48/45 and Pfs230 | · Low reactogenicity | |
| | | |
| Combined Vaccines | 1. NMRC-M3V-D/Ad-PfCA Prime/Boost and NMRC-M3V-Ad-PfCA · DNA based vaccine containing CS antigen with AMA-1 antigen boosted with Adenovirus-5-vectors | · Increase CD8+ T cell response but no sterile protection |
| 2. CS AMA1 Virosomes · Synthetic peptide vaccines · Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) conjugates on the surface of immunopotentiating reconstituted influenza virosomes (PEV301 and PEV302) | · No sterile protection | |
| 3. SPf66 · Synthetic polypeptide vaccine consisting of CS and merozoites protein1 (MSP1) epitopes adjuvanted with alum | · Low vaccine efficacy | |
| 4. RTS,S/AS02 (CS) and FMP-1/AS02 (MSP1) · Mixing RTS,S/AS02 (CS) and FMP-1/AS02 (MSP1) with both CS and MSP1 antigens | · FMP1 gave no protection in the challenge model | |
| | | |
| P. vivax Vaccines | 1. PvCSP · Circumsporozoite protein from P. vivax | · Under clinical trails |
| 2. ChAd63-MVA PvDBP RII and PvDBP RII/GLA-SE · Extracellular, cysteine-rich region II (P. vivax Duffy-binding protein; PvDBP_RII) | · Under clinical trails | |
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